A close look at the geographical origin of innovation in the united. Her main research theme is economic geography of innovation and public policy. Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation revisited. A new look at spillovers based on innovation surveys leo a. Basic research differs from applied research in the nature and the magnitude of the generated spillovers. To be able to understand the process of generation of innovation at the regional level, as well as to identify spatial and sectoral knowledge. Local universities are necessary but not sufficient for innovation. Knowledge spillovers in europe and its consequences for systems of. Thus, paul romer 1986, paul krugman 1991a, b, and gene grossman and elhanan helpman 1991, among others, have focused.
Innovation and knowledge spillovers in a networked. Share of total industry inputs purchased from mining and agriculture in 1976 inputoutput data as provided by u. Localized knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation. The geography of unconventional innovation enrico berkes ruben gaetani 2nd november 2016 abstract this paper studies the role of population density as a driver of innovation. The starting point comes from the economics of innovation and technological change. Dobkins 1996, paci and usai 1999 and hansen 2002 also studied location externalities and the spatial distribution of innovation. Thus, the literature on knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation has begun to consider the mechanisms by which knowledge spills over and is put into economic use and the degree to which these process are geographically localized. This allows us to identify the different roles that the geography of knowledge spillovers and exchanges and the geography of labour markets play in the innovation process. Currently she is the president of eurolio european localized innovation observatory. This chapter focuses on the geographic dimensions of knowledge spillovers.
This paper introduces a general equilibrium model of endogenous technical change through basic and applied research. Economic fluctuations and growth, industrial organization, productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Author of dozens of articles and book chapters in economics of innovation, she studies spatial. The effects of creativedensity on innovation brian knudsen, richard florida and kevin stolarick.
Patent citations and the geography of knowledge spillovers. Given the wide geographical range of academic knowledge spillovers, innovation policy measures trying to stimulate these spillovers should not focus on specific regions. The importance of localization and geography for the spreading of knowledge, which dates back to marshall 1890,3 has been the subject of extensive empirical study in recent years since. In addition, we then also control for the geographical mobility of the labour employed by the firm.
The focus in this paper is on knowledge spillovers between hightechnology firms in europe, as captured by patent citations. Innovating processes are uncertain because they often take place under unsure conditions and fierce business competitiveness. People thus appear as an essential channel for the diffusion of knowledge. Innovation, knowledge spillovers and local labour markets. Although it is well known that spillovers will not only stimulate innovation but also. Hightechnology is defined to include the isicsectors aerospace isic 3845, electronicstelecommunication isic 3832, computers and office equipment isic 3825, and pharmaceuticals isic 3522. Chapter 8 stylized facts in the geography of innovation. Knowledge spillovers, innovation and growth philippe aghion and xavier jaravel. Do clusters really matter for innovation practices in. Pdf knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation.
Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation. Specifically, we examine how internal knowledge spillovers between plants of the same firm in different locations and external knowledge spillovers between plants of different firms in the same location shape the geography of. The geography of unconventional innovation enrico berkes ruben gaetani january 18, 2016 download the most recent version abstract this paper studies the role of population density as a driver of innovation. Geography provides a platform to organize economic activity. Knowledge spillovers in europe and its consequences for. Feldman more than most other economic activities, innovation and technological change depend upon new economic knowledge. The economic geography of innovation this critical addition to the growing literature on innovation contains extensive analyses of the institutional and spatial aspects of innovation. New economic geography growth, geography of innovation, localized knowledge spillovers, dynamic externalities, coreperiphery, spatial growth, knowledge production function. Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation econpapers. A recent study by economists enrico berkes of northwestern university and my university of toronto rotman school colleague ruben gaetani cracks the proverbial code on the geography of innovation.
If the ability of these thirdparty firms to acquire knowledge spillovers is influenced by their proximity to the knowledge source. The second part considers the composition of agglom. Questioning the significance of technological knowledge spillovers. Although regions seem to benefit from the presence of a university, this is not a necessity, since knowledge spillovers occur over longer distances as well. Knowledge spillovers in europe and its consequences for systems of innovation citation for published version apa. Using a newly assembled dataset of georeferenced u. Aside from the use of an innovation function in the. They will be team players with a breadth of skills and qualities that enable them to work across specialisms and cultures. The geography of knowledge spillovers and technological proximity. Pdf rd spillovers and the geography of innovation and.
What is the economic value and the spatial impact of innovations in general and of such incentive schemes. Sources of spillovers for imitation and innovation index of zew. This tradition focused on the innovation production function however it was aspatial or insensitive to issues involving location and geography. Externalities, knowledge spillovers and the spatial. Knowledge spillovers are nuanced, subtle, pervasive, and not easily amenable to measurement. Jth constructed three patent samples, a set of originating patents, a set of. Knowledge and proximity are key concepts in the geography of innovation literature boschma, 2005. Fallahibrahim knowledge spillover and innovation in technological clusters iamot 2004 2 to knowledge spillovers between nearby firms and institutions in the clusters. Such a question needs the frame of an innovation function to be addressed. As section 3 makes clear, location and geographic space have become key factors in explaining the determinants of innovation and technological change. The new economics of innovation, spillovers and agglomeration. Introduction in this article, we take a fresh look at the geographical determinants of innovation, doing so by.
The nature of innovation and implications on innovation. Do clusters really matter for innovation practices in information technology. We use patent applications at the european patent office to measure innovation and their citations to trace knowledge flows within and across 5 narrowly defined. Knowledge spillovers, innovation process, geographic distribution, academic research, industrial research, universityfirm relations, production factors, human capital, skilled labor. Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems. External spillovers, internal spillovers and the geography. In this paper, we combine two different strands of literature. The same author, in partnership with nadine massard, published institutions and systems in the geography of innovation in 2002. Jths important innovation was to construct a control group to mimic the existing geography of production. The innovators of the 21st century will bring together arts, science, engineering, humanities and enterprise to deliver innovative products, services and ways of living. Spillovers of innovation activities and their profitability dirk czarnitzki a,c,d and kornelius kraft b,d a k.
Chapter 61 in handbook of regional and urban economics, 2004, vol. Corinne autantbernard is professor in economics at saintetienne university. What is innovation, and how may it best be fostered by companies and other organizations. Therefore if discussing the issue innovation, the first distinction should be between innovation as the result of a creative development process and innovation as the process itself starting from the emergence of a new idea until a new producti is introduced on the market. A 20 years perspective on the field on geography of innovation. Egger and puschel eth zurich the economic geography of innovation december 4. The geography of knowledge spillovers between high. Rd spillovers and the geography of innovation and production. Geography, policy and knowledge spillovers sharon belenzon fuqua school of business, duke university mark schankerman london school of economics and cepr january 9, 2012 abstract using new data on citations to university patents and scientic publications, we study how geography a. Spillovers of innovation activities and their profitability. We acknowledge the comments of vernon henderson, jacque thisse. Feldman indiana university and centre for economic policy cepr university of toronto acknowledgements. The geography of innovation introduction and summary innovation is the critical component of longterm economic prosperity, driving productivity growth and if spread across key sectors of the economy ensuring broadbased economic growth. Feldman, title knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation.
Questioning the significance of technological knowledge spillovers, journal of economic geography, volume 12, issue 1. Knowledge spillovers and the geography of innovation 2004. Universities emphasize the free exchange and flow of information and their existence in an area creates a sort of intellectual commons. Patent citations and knowledge spillovers 2 knowledge flows. Mean size of the largest establishments accounting for one half of. Leuven d centre for european economic research zew, mannheim october 2007 abstract knowledge spillovers to. Innovation, spillovers and universityindustry collaboration.